python识别验证码的思路及解决方案

1、介绍

在爬虫中经常会遇到验证码识别的问题，现在的验证码大多分计算验证码、滑块验证码、识图验证码、语音验证码等四种。本文就是识图验证码，识别的是简单的验证码，要想让识别率更高，识别的更加准确就需要花很多的精力去训练自己的字体库。

识别验证码通常是这几个步骤：

（1）灰度处理

（2）二值化

（3）去除边框（如果有的话）

（4）降噪

（5）切割字符或者倾斜度矫正

（6）训练字体库

（7）识别

这6个步骤中前三个步骤是基本的，4或者5可根据实际情况选择是否需要。

经常用的库有pytesseract(识别库)、OpenCV(高级图像处理库)、imagehash（图片哈希值库）、numpy（开源的、高性能的Python数值计算库）、PIL的 Image，ImageDraw，ImageFile等。

2、实例

以某网站登录的验证码识别为例：具体过程和上述的步骤稍有不同。

首先分析一下，验证码是由4个从0到9等10个数字组成的，那么从0到9这个10个数字没有数字只有第一、第二、第三和第四等4个位置。那么计算下来共有40个数字位置，如下：

那么接下来就要对验证码图片进行降噪、分隔得到上面的图片。以这40个图片集作为基础。

对要验证的验证码图片进行降噪、分隔后获取四个类似上面的数字图片、通过和上面的比对就可以知道该验证码是什么了。

以上面验证码2837为例：

1、图片降噪

2、图片分隔

3、图片比对

通过比验证码降噪、分隔后的四个数字图片，和上面的40个数字图片进行哈希值比对，设置一个误差，max_dif：允许最大hash差值，越小越精确，最小为0。

这样四个数字图片通过比较后获取对应是数字，连起来，就是要获取的验证码。

完整代码如下：

#coding=utf-8import osimport refrom selenium import webdriverfrom selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keysimport timefrom selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChainsimport collectionsimport mongoDbBaseimport numpyimport imagehashfrom PIL import Image,ImageFileimport datetimeclass finalNews_IE: def __init__(self,strdate,logonUrl,firstUrl,keyword_list,exportPath,codepath,codedir):self.iniDriver()self.db = mongoDbBase.mongoDbBase()self.date = strdateself.firstUrl = firstUrlself.logonUrl = logonUrlself.keyword_list = keyword_listself.exportPath = exportPathself.codedir = codedirself.hash_code_dict ={}for f in range(0,10): for l in range(1,5):file = os.path.join(codedir, 'codeLibrarycode' + str(f) + ’_’+str(l) + '.png')# print(file)hash = self.get_ImageHash(file)self.hash_code_dict[hash]= str(f) def iniDriver(self):# 通过配置文件获取IEDriverServer.exe路径IEDriverServer = 'C:Program FilesInternet ExplorerIEDriverServer.exe'os.environ['webdriver.ie.driver'] = IEDriverServerself.driver = webdriver.Ie(IEDriverServer) def WriteData(self, message, fileName):fileName = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), self.exportPath + ’/’ + fileName)with open(fileName, ’a’) as f: f.write(message) # 获取图片文件的hash值 def get_ImageHash(self,imagefile):hash = Noneif os.path.exists(imagefile): with open(imagefile, ’rb’) as fp:hash = imagehash.average_hash(Image.open(fp))return hash # 点降噪 def clearNoise(self, imageFile, x=0, y=0):if os.path.exists(imageFile): image = Image.open(imageFile) image = image.convert(’L’) image = numpy.asarray(image) image = (image > 135) * 255 image = Image.fromarray(image).convert(’RGB’) # save_name = 'D:workpython36_crawlVeriycodemode_5590.png' # image.save(save_name) image.save(imageFile) return image #切割验证码 # rownum：切割行数；colnum：切割列数；dstpath：图片文件路径；img_name：要切割的图片文件 def splitimage(self, imagePath,imageFile,rownum=1, colnum=4):img = Image.open(imageFile)w, h = img.sizeif rownum <= h and colnum <= w: print(’Original image info: %sx%s, %s, %s’ % (w, h, img.format, img.mode)) print(’开始处理图片切割, 请稍候...’) s = os.path.split(imageFile) if imagePath == ’’:dstpath = s[0] fn = s[1].split(’.’) basename = fn[0] ext = fn[-1] num = 1 rowheight = h // rownum colwidth = w // colnum file_list =[] for r in range(rownum):index = 0for c in range(colnum): # (left, upper, right, lower) # box = (c * colwidth, r * rowheight, (c + 1) * colwidth, (r + 1) * rowheight) if index < 1:colwid = colwidth + 6 elif index < 2:colwid = colwidth + 1 elif index < 3:colwid = colwidth box = (c * colwid, r * rowheight, (c + 1) * colwid, (r + 1) * rowheight) newfile = os.path.join(imagePath, basename + ’_’ + str(num) + ’.’ + ext) file_list.append(newfile) img.crop(box).save(newfile, ext) num = num + 1 index += 1 return file_list def compare_image_with_hash(self, image_hash1,image_hash2, max_dif=0):'''max_dif: 允许最大hash差值, 越小越精确,最小为0推荐使用'''dif = image_hash1 - image_hash2# print(dif)if dif < 0: dif = -difif dif <= max_dif: return Trueelse: return False # 截取验证码图片 def savePicture(self):self.driver.get(self.logonUrl)self.driver.maximize_window()time.sleep(1)self.driver.save_screenshot(self.codedir +'Temp.png')checkcode = self.driver.find_element_by_id('checkcode')location = checkcode.location # 获取验证码x,y轴坐标size = checkcode.size # 获取验证码的长宽rangle = (int(location[’x’]), int(location[’y’]), int(location[’x’] + size[’width’]), int(location[’y’] + size[’height’])) # 写成我们需要截取的位置坐标i = Image.open(self.codedir +'Temp.png') # 打开截图result = i.crop(rangle) # 使用Image的crop函数，从截图中再次截取我们需要的区域filename = datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%M%S')filename =self.codedir +'Temp_code.png'result.save(filename)self.clearNoise(filename)file_list = self.splitimage(self.codedir,filename)verycode =’’for f in file_list: imageHash = self.get_ImageHash(f) for h,code in self.hash_code_dict.items():flag = self.compare_image_with_hash(imageHash,h,0)if flag: # print(code) verycode+=code breakprint(verycode)self.driver.close() def longon(self):self.driver.get(self.logonUrl)self.driver.maximize_window()time.sleep(1)self.savePicture()accname = self.driver.find_element_by_id('username')# accname = self.driver.find_element_by_id('//input[@id=’username’]')accname.send_keys(’ctrchina’)accpwd = self.driver.find_element_by_id('password')# accpwd.send_keys(’123456’)code = self.getVerycode()checkcode = self.driver.find_element_by_name('checkcode')checkcode.send_keys(code)submit = self.driver.find_element_by_name('button')submit.click()

实例补充：

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*import sysreload(sys)sys.setdefaultencoding( 'utf-8' )import reimport requestsimport ioimport osimport jsonfrom PIL import Imagefrom PIL import ImageEnhancefrom bs4 import BeautifulSoupimport mdataclass Student: def __init__(self, user,password): self.user = str(user) self.password = str(password) self.s = requests.Session() def login(self): url = 'http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONLOGON.APPPROCESS?mode=4' res = self.s.get(url).text imageUrl = ’http://202.118.31.197/’+re.findall(’<img src='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/(.+?)' width='55'’,res)[0] im = Image.open(io.BytesIO(self.s.get(imageUrl).content)) enhancer = ImageEnhance.Contrast(im) im = enhancer.enhance(7) x,y = im.size for i in range(y): for j in range(x): if (im.getpixel((j,i))!=(0,0,0)): im.putpixel((j,i),(255,255,255)) num = [6,19,32,45] verifyCode = '' for i in range(4): a = im.crop((num[i],0,num[i]+13,20)) l=[] x,y = a.size for i in range(y): for j in range(x): if (a.getpixel((j,i))==(0,0,0)): l.append(1) else: l.append(0) his=0 chrr=''; for i in mdata.data: r=0; for j in range(260): if(l[j]==mdata.data[i][j]): r+=1 if(r>his): his=r chrr=i verifyCode+=chrr # print '辅助输入验证码完毕:',verifyCode data= { ’WebUserNO’:str(self.user), ’Password’:str(self.password), ’Agnomen’:verifyCode, } url = 'http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONLOGON.APPPROCESS?mode=4' t = self.s.post(url,data=data).text if re.findall('images/Logout2',t)==[]: l = ’[0,'’+re.findall(’alert((.+?));’,t)[1][1][2:-2]+’']’+' '+self.user+' '+self.password+'n' # print l # return ’[0,'’+re.findall(’alert((.+?));’,t)[1][1][2:-2]+’']’ return [False,l] else: l = ’登录成功 ’+re.findall(’!&nbsp;(.+?)&nbsp;’,t)[0]+' '+self.user+' '+self.password+'n' # print l return [True,l] def getInfo(self): imageUrl = ’http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONDSPUSERPHOTO.APPPROCESS’ data = self.s.get(’http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONQUERYBASESTUDENTINFO.APPPROCESS?mode＝3’).text #学籍信息 data = BeautifulSoup(data,'lxml') q = data.find_all('table',attrs={’align’:'left'}) a = [] for i in q[0]: if type(i)==type(q[0]) : for j in i : if type(j) ==type(i): a.append(j.text) for i in q[1]: if type(i)==type(q[1]) : for j in i : if type(j) ==type(i): a.append(j.text) data = {} for i in range(1,len(a),2): data[a[i-1]]=a[i] # data[’照片’] = io.BytesIO(self.s.get(imageUrl).content) return json.dumps(data) def getPic(self): imageUrl = ’http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONDSPUSERPHOTO.APPPROCESS’ pic = Image.open(io.BytesIO(self.s.get(imageUrl).content)) return pic def getScore(self): score = self.s.get(’http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONQUERYSTUDENTSCORE.APPPROCESS’).text #成绩单 score = BeautifulSoup(score, 'lxml') q = score.find_all(attrs={’height’:'36'})[0] point = q.text print point[point.find(’平均学分绩点’):] table = score.html.body.table people = table.find_all(attrs={’height’ : ’36’})[0].string r = table.find_all(’table’,attrs={’align’ : ’left’})[0].find_all(’tr’) subject = [] lesson = [] for i in r[0]: if type(r[0])==type(i): subject.append(i.string) for i in r: k=0 temp = {} for j in i: if type(r[0])==type(j): temp[subject[k]] = j.string k+=1 lesson.append(temp) lesson.pop() lesson.pop(0) return json.dumps(lesson) def logoff(self): return self.s.get(’http://202.118.31.197/ACTIONLOGOUT.APPPROCESS’).textif __name__ == '__main__': a = Student(20150000,20150000) r = a.login() print r[1] if r[0]: r = json.loads(a.getScore()) for i in r: for j in i: print i[j], print q = json.loads(a.getInfo()) for i in q: print i,q[i] a.getPic().show() a.logoff()

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