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pybind11: C++ 工程提供 Python 接口的实例代码

【字号: 日期:2022-07-12 11:45:20浏览:3作者:猪猪

C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口,有利于融合进 Python 的生态。现在 Python 在应用层,有其得天独厚的优势。尤其因为人工智能和大数据的推波助澜, Python 现在以及未来,将长期是最流行的语言之一。

那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢?

ctypes: C 与 Python 绑定, Python 内建模块 Boost.Python: C++ 与 Python 绑定, Boost 模块 pybind11: C++11 与 Python 绑定, 减去了旧 C++ 支持,更轻量化

本文将介绍 pybind11 的环境准备与入门使用。

pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11

环境准备

pybind11 是一个 header-only 的库,换句话说,只需要 C++ 项目里直接 include pybind11 的头文件就能使用。

这里则介绍如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多编译系统的介绍,可见官方文档 Build systems 。

获取 pybind11

可以 git submodule 添加子模块,最好固定为某个版本:

git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/git checkout tags/v2.5.0

或者,直接获取源码,放进相应子目录即可。

添加进 CMake

CMakeLists.txt 里 add_subdirectory pybind11 的路径,再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module 就能创建 pybind11 的模块了。

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0)add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND})pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)

如果想在已有 C++ 动态库上扩展 pybind11 绑定,那么 target_link_libraries 链接该动态库就可以了。

target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)

绑定一个函数

我们先实现一个 add 函数,

int add(int i, int j) { return i + j;}

为了简化工程,可以直接实现在 example_pb.cpp 里,

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>namespace py = pybind11;int add(int i, int j) { return i + j;}PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) { m.doc() = 'example_pb bindings'; m.def('add', &add, 'A function which adds two numbers');}

之后,于 CMakeLists.txt 所在目录,执行 cmake 编译就完成了。

示例代码

first_steps.h first_steps.cc first_steps_pb.cc

绑定一个类

我们先实现一个定时触发器的类。使用如下:

#include <iostream>#include 'tick.h'int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { (void)argc; (void)argv; Tick tick(500, 5000); tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) { std::cout << 'elapsed: ' << elapsed_ms << ' ms' << std::endl; if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) { tick.Stop(); } }); tick.Start(); tick.WaitLifeOver(); return 0;}

运行结果:

$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_testelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 mselapsed: 1500 mselapsed: 2000 ms

该类的声明如下:

using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>;using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>;class Tick { public: using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock; Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max()); Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(), TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr, TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr); virtual ~Tick(); bool IsRunning() const; void Start(); void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false); const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const; void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event); void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event); void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg); void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg); void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end); void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end); void WaitLifeOver(); protected: // ...};

然后, pybind11 绑定实现如下:

#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>#include <pybind11/chrono.h>#include <pybind11/functional.h>#include <memory>#include 'cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h'namespace py = pybind11;using namespace pybind11::literals; // NOLINTPYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) { m.doc() = 'tick_pb bindings'; py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, 'Tick') .def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>()) .def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t, TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>()) .def_property_readonly('is_running', &Tick::IsRunning) .def('start', &Tick::Start) .def('stop', &Tick::Stop, 'wait_life_over'_a = false) .def('get_time_start', &Tick::GetTimeStart) .def('set_tick_event', [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) { self.SetTickEvent(tick_event); }) .def('set_run_beg_callback', [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_beg) { self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg); }) .def('set_run_end_callback', [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_end) { self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end); }) .def('wait_life_over', &Tick::WaitLifeOver, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());}

编译出动态库后,把路径添加进 PYTHONPATH:

export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH# 依赖其他动态库的话,把路径添加进 LIBRARY_PATH# Linuxexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH# macOSexport DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH

之后,就可以于 Python 里调用了:

#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-errorimport tick_pb as tickdef _main(): t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f'elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms'), 500, 1000, lambda: print('run beg'), lambda: print('run end')) t.start() t.wait_life_over()if __name__ == '__main__': _main()

运行结果:

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.pyrun begelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 msrun end

示例代码

tick.h tick.cc tick_test.cc tick_pb.cc tick_test.py

运行示例代码

获取代码,

git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git# 获取子模块cd start-pybind11/git submodule update --init

编译安装,

# 依赖 cmakecd start-pybind11/make install

编译结果,

$ tree _install_install├── bin│ └── cpp_thread_callback│ └── tick_test└── lib ├── cpp_thread_callback │ ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so └── first_steps ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib5 directories, 13 files

添加路径,

$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callbackDYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback

运行示例,

$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.pyrun begelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 msrun end

结语

Go coding!

总结

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