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详解UDP协议格式及在java中的使用

【字号: 日期:2022-08-16 16:12:04浏览:31作者:猪猪

UDP是面向无连接的通讯协议,由于通讯不需要连接,所以可以实现广播发送。UDP通讯时不需要接收方确认,属于不可靠的传输,可能会出现丢包现象,实际应用中要求程序员编程验证。

UDP适用于DNS、视频音频等多媒体通信、广播通信(广播、多播)。例如我们常用的QQ,就是一个以UDP为主,TCP为辅的通讯协议。

UDP报文格式如下:

详解UDP协议格式及在java中的使用

UDP首部有8个字节,由4个字段构成,每个字段都是两个字节,

源端口:数据发送方的端口号. 目的端口:数据接收方的端口号。 长度:UDP数据报的整个长度(包括首部和数据),其最小值为8(只有首部)。 校验和:检测UDP数据报在传输中是否有错,有错则丢弃。

可以使用nc发送UDP数据包:echo hello | nc -uv 127.0.0.1 9999。

用tcpdump抓取到的数据包如下(注意先运行tcpdump,然后再执行nc命令):

# tcpdump -i lo -X udp port 9999tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decodelistening on lo, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes11:19:39.267912 IP localhost.45666 > localhost.distinct: UDP, length 60x0000: 4500 0022 5914 4000 4011 e3b4 7f00 0001 E..'Y.@.@.......0x0010: 7f00 0001 b262 270f 000e fe21 6865 6c6c .....b’....!hell0x0020: 6f0a o.... ...

说明:

源端口:0xb262,十进制的45666。 目的端口:0x270f,十进制的9999。 长度:0x000e,14个字节的报文长度。 校验和:0xfe21。bio之单播

单播就是一对一通信。

服务器端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.bio.single;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.DatagramPacket;import java.net.DatagramSocket;public class Server { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(9999); byte[] bytes = new byte[1024]; DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(bytes, bytes.length); datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket); System.out.println('receive from client: ' + new String(bytes)); byte[] req = 'hello client'.getBytes(); DatagramPacket resp = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, datagramPacket.getSocketAddress()); datagramSocket.send(resp); }}

客户端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.bio.single;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.DatagramPacket;import java.net.DatagramSocket;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(); byte[] req = 'hello server'.getBytes(); DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, new InetSocketAddress('127.0.0.1', 9999)); datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket); datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket); System.out.println('receive from server: ' + new String(datagramPacket.getData())); }}

客户端和服务端的代码几乎一致,只不过接收和发送数据的顺序不一致,receive和send都欧式阻塞方法。

bio之广播

广播:同一网段所有主机都能接收,前提是端口要开启监听。

只需要将单播的例子中客户端发送数据的IP修改为255.255.255.255即可,具体修改如下:

DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(req, req.length, new InetSocketAddress('255.255.255.255', 9999));bio之多播(组播)

多播数据报套接字类用于发送和接收IP多播包。MulticastSocket是一种DatagramSocket,它具有加入Internet上其他多播主机的“组”的附加功能。

多播组通过D类IP地址和标准UDP端口号指定。D类IP地址在224.0.0.0和239.255.255.255的范围内。地址224.0.0.0被保留,不应使用。

可以通过首先使用所需端口创建MulticastSocket,然后调用joinGroup(InetAddress groupAddr)方法来加入多播组。

服务器端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.bio.multicast;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.DatagramPacket;import java.net.DatagramSocket;import java.net.InetAddress;import java.net.MulticastSocket;public class Server { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { InetAddress group = InetAddress.getByName('228.5.6.7'); MulticastSocket s = new MulticastSocket(6789); s.joinGroup(group); byte[] buf = new byte[1000]; DatagramPacket recv = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length); s.receive(recv); System.out.println('receive : ' + new String(buf)); s.leaveGroup(group); }}

客户端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.bio.multicast;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.*;public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String msg = 'Hello'; InetAddress group = InetAddress.getByName('228.5.6.7'); MulticastSocket s = new MulticastSocket(); s.joinGroup(group); DatagramPacket hi = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), msg.length(), group, 6789); s.send(hi); s.leaveGroup(group); }}NIO实现单播

服务器端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.nio;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.net.SocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.channels.DatagramChannel;public class Server { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open(); datagramChannel.bind(new InetSocketAddress(9999)); // datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false); ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(128); SocketAddress receive = datagramChannel.receive(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.flip(); byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.remaining()]; byteBuffer.get(bytes); System.out.println('receive from client: ' + new String(bytes)); byteBuffer.clear(); byteBuffer.put('hello client'.getBytes()); datagramChannel.send(byteBuffer, receive); }}

客户端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.nio;import java.io.IOException;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;import java.net.SocketAddress;import java.nio.ByteBuffer;import java.nio.channels.DatagramChannel;public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { DatagramChannel datagramChannel = DatagramChannel.open(); // datagramChannel.configureBlocking(false); String req = 'hello server'; ByteBuffer byteBuffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(req.length()); byteBuffer.put(req.getBytes()); byteBuffer.flip(); datagramChannel.send(byteBuffer, new InetSocketAddress('127.0.0.1', 9999)); datagramChannel.receive(byteBuffer); byteBuffer.flip(); byte[] bytes = new byte[byteBuffer.remaining()]; byteBuffer.get(bytes); System.out.println('receive from server: ' + new String(bytes)); }}Netty实现单播

服务器端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.netty.single;import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramPacket;import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioDatagramChannel;import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;public class Server { private static final int port = 8899; public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup(); try { Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap(); bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioDatagramChannel.class) .handler(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<DatagramPacket>() { @Override protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, DatagramPacket msg) throws Exception { // 接收数据 System.out.println(msg.content().toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8)); // 发送数据 ctx.writeAndFlush(new DatagramPacket(Unpooled.copiedBuffer('hello client', CharsetUtil.UTF_8), msg.sender())); ctx.close(); } }); bootstrap.bind(port).sync().channel().closeFuture().await(); } finally { group.shutdownGracefully(); } }}

客户端代码如下:

package com.morris.udp.netty.single;import io.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;import io.netty.buffer.Unpooled;import io.netty.channel.Channel;import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;import io.netty.channel.ChannelOption;import io.netty.channel.SimpleChannelInboundHandler;import io.netty.channel.nio.NioEventLoopGroup;import io.netty.channel.socket.DatagramPacket;import io.netty.channel.socket.nio.NioDatagramChannel;import io.netty.util.CharsetUtil;import java.net.InetSocketAddress;public class Client { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { NioEventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup(); try { Bootstrap bootstrap = new Bootstrap(); bootstrap.group(group).channel(NioDatagramChannel.class) .handler(new SimpleChannelInboundHandler<DatagramPacket>() { @Override protected void channelRead0(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, DatagramPacket msg) throws Exception { // 接收数据 System.out.println(msg.content().toString(CharsetUtil.UTF_8)); ctx.close(); } }); Channel channel = bootstrap.bind(0).sync().channel(); // 发送数据 channel.writeAndFlush(new DatagramPacket(Unpooled.copiedBuffer('hello server', CharsetUtil.UTF_8), new InetSocketAddress('127.0.0.1', 8899))); if (!channel.closeFuture().await(30 * 1000)) { System.err.println('查询超时'); } } finally { group.shutdownGracefully(); } }}Netty实现广播

只需要将netty实现的单播的客户端代码做如下修改:

1.增加option:

.option(ChannelOption.SO_BROADCAST, true)

2.将IP地址修改为广播地址255.255.255.255:

channel.writeAndFlush(new DatagramPacket(Unpooled.copiedBuffer('hello server', CharsetUtil.UTF_8), new InetSocketAddress('255.255.255.255', 8899)));底层实现

recvfrom负责接收UDP数据,其函数声明如下:

ssize_t recvfrom(int sockfd, void *buf, size_t len, int flags, struct sockaddr *src_addr, socklen_t *addrlen);

sendto负责发送UDP数据,其函数声明如下:

ssize_t sendto(int sockfd, const void *buf, size_t len, int flags, const struct sockaddr *dest_addr, socklen_t addrlen);

下面通过对bio之单播的例子所产生的系统调用进行跟踪:

启动服务器端服务Server:

# strace -ff -o out java Server

然后使用nc命令充当客户端进行连接:echo hello | nc -uv 127.0.0.1 9999。

产生的系统调用中关键信息如下:

socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 4bind(4, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(9999), inet_pton(AF_INET6, '::', &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0recvfrom(4, 'hellon', 1024, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(7361), inet_pton(AF_INET6, '::ffff:127.0.0.1', &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 6write(1, 'receive from client: hellon00000'..., 1045) = 1045write(1, 'n', 1) sendto(4, 'hello client', 12, 0, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(7361), inet_pton(AF_INET6, '::ffff:127.0.0.1', &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 12

可见发送和接收数据确实使用了上面的系统调用,另外上面的系统调用中并没有listen函数,不需要监听端口,再次验证UDP是面向无连接的。

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