Spring Native项目实战(体验79毫秒启动springboot应用)
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关于Spring Native Spring官方博客于2021年03月11日宣布Spring Native的beta版本发布，借助Spring Native可以将spring应用与GraalVM集成到native image中； native image是GraalVM的一项技术，会将java应用的字节码编译成可执行文件，还会与JDK的本地库做静态链接，运行应用时无需Java虚拟机，自身已集成了内存管理，线程调度等能力，更多信息请参考：https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/ 本文以实战为主，因此不会用太多篇幅介绍Spring Native的理论和优势，这里简单小结几个重要特性： 应用启动速度不超过100毫秒； 启动即达到性能峰值（C1、C2等手段已经用不上了） 运行时更低的内存消耗； docker镜像不含JDK（所需文件已经抽取出来放入镜像），官方展示的含有Spring Boot, Spring MVC, Jackson, Tomcat的镜像大小是50M； 为了达到前面的效果，代价是构建时间更长； Spring Native到底是什么个人的理解：Spring Native是Spring提供的、制作native image的技术方案，涉及到以下关键技术：
Spring ahead-of-time (AOT) 插件，对spring应用做AOT处理，使得传统虚拟机的class lazy loading在不复存在； spring-boot-maven-plugin插件在构建docker镜像的时候，使用了名为dmikusa/graalvm-tiny的镜像作为构建工具，这个工具负责将当前工程的构建结果和GraalVM集成在一起，最终制作成native image； 本篇概览作为实战风格的文章，本篇主要内容是开发springboot应用再构建为native image，然后验证其功能和效果，本文由以下内容构成：
环境信息 新建名为spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程，对实战用到的依赖库、插件等做统一配置； 新建名为webmvc的maven子工程，这是个springboot应用； 将webmvc构建为native image，这是个docker镜像； 在docker中启动镜像，验证是否可用，并检查相关相关指标；环境信息本次实战相关的环境信息如下：
电脑：MacBook pro 13寸 2018 操作系统：macOS Big Sur 11.2.3 IDE：IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5 (Ultimate Edition) docker：20.10.5 JDK：1.8.0_211 maven：3.6.0 springboot：2.5.0-SNAPSHOT spring-aot-maven-plugin：0.10.0-SNAPSHOT源码下载 本篇实战中的完整源码可在GitHub下载到，地址和链接信息如下表所示(https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos)：
名称 链接 备注 项目主页 https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos 该项目在GitHub上的主页 git仓库地址(https) https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git 该项目源码的仓库地址，https协议 git仓库地址(ssh) git@github.com:zq2599/blog_demos.git 该项目源码的仓库地址，ssh协议这个git项目中有多个文件夹，本次实战的源码在spring-native-tutorials文件夹下，如下图红框所示：
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><project xmlns='http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xsi:schemaLocation='http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd'> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <modules><module>webmvc</module> </modules> <parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>2.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version><relativePath/> </parent> <groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <packaging>pom</packaging> <properties><java.version>1.8</java.version><!-- springboot生成jar文件的文件名后缀，用来避免Spring Boot repackaging和native-image-maven-plugin插件之间可能存在的冲突 --><classifier/><!-- 构建镜像时的定制参数 --><native.build.args/><!-- 指定使用dmikusa/graalvm-tiny这个镜像作为构建工具，来构建镜像 --><builder>dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</builder><!-- spring cloud版本 --><spring-cloud.version>2020.0.2</spring-cloud.version> </properties> <!-- 插件管理 --> <pluginRepositories><pluginRepository> <id>spring-release</id> <name>Spring release</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url> <snapshots><enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots></pluginRepository><pluginRepository> <id>spring-milestone</id> <name>Spring milestone</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots><enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots></pluginRepository><pluginRepository> <id>spring-snapshot</id> <name>Spring Snapshots</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url> <releases><enabled>false</enabled> </releases></pluginRepository> </pluginRepositories> <!--仓库管理--> <repositories><repository> <id>spring-release</id> <name>Spring release</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url> <snapshots><enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots></repository><repository> <id>spring-milestone</id> <name>Spring milestone</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots><enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots></repository><repository> <id>spring-snapshot</id> <name>Spring Snapshots</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url> <releases><enabled>false</enabled> </releases></repository> </repositories> <!--依赖包版本管理--> <dependencyManagement><dependencies> <dependency><groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId><artifactId>spring-native</artifactId><version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope> </dependency></dependencies> </dependencyManagement> <!--插件配置--> <build><pluginManagement> <plugins><plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration><classifier>${classifier}</classifier><image> <builder>${builder}</builder> <env><BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE><BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>${native.build.args}</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS> </env> <!--执行构建任务的镜像，如果在当前环境不存在才会远程下载--> <pullPolicy>IF_NOT_PRESENT</pullPolicy></image> </configuration></plugin><!-- aot插件，ahead-of-time transformations --><plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <executions><execution> <id>test-generate</id> <goals><goal>test-generate</goal> </goals></execution><execution> <id>generate</id> <goals><goal>generate</goal> </goals></execution> </executions></plugin> </plugins></pluginManagement> </build></project>
上述pom.xml有以下几处需要注意：
插件仓库、依赖库仓库、依赖库版本的配置都集中在这里； 配置好spring-aot-maven-plugin和spring-boot-maven-plugin这两个插件，子工程会用到； spring-boot-maven-plugin插件制作docker镜像的时候，又会用到dmikusa/graalvm-tiny镜像，这才是真正构建native image的工具；新建springboot类型的maven子工程新建名为webmvc的子工程，pom.xml内容如下，可见内容很简单，就是常规依赖库和父工程配置的两个插件，一个负责执行AOT，一个负责构建镜像：
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><project xmlns='http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xsi:schemaLocation='http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd'> <parent><artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId><groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId><version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <artifactId>webmvc</artifactId> <dependencies><dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId></dependency><dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> <exclusions><exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId></exclusion><exclusion> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId></exclusion> </exclusions></dependency><dependency> <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId> <artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId> <version>${tomcat.version}</version></dependency><dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope></dependency> </dependencies> <build><plugins> <plugin><groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId><artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId><configuration> <removeSpelSupport>true</removeSpelSupport></configuration> </plugin> <plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin></plugins> </build></project>
代码很简单，一个普通的springboot应用，带http接口：
package com.bolingcavalry.webmvc;import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;import java.time.LocalDateTime;@SpringBootApplication@RestControllerpublic class WebmvcApplication {public static void main(String[] args) {SpringApplication.run(WebmvcApplication.class, args);}@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED)@GetMapping('/status')public String status() {return 'status';}@GetMapping('/')public String hello() {return '1. Hello from Spring MVC and Tomcat, ' + LocalDateTime.now();}}
现在编码已完成，来构建docker镜像吧，进入父工程的pom.xml所在目录，执行以下命令：
mvn clean -U -DskipTests spring-boot:build-image
构建成功后输出信息如下（篇幅所限仅截取最后一小段）,耗时4分25秒，期间笔记本风扇狂转：
..[INFO] Successfully built image ’docker.io/library/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT’[INFO] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Reactor Summary for spring-native-tutorials 1.0-SNAPSHOT:[INFO] [INFO] spring-native-tutorials ............................ SUCCESS [ 1.786 s][INFO] webmvc ............................................. SUCCESS [04:19 min][INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 04:25 min[INFO] Finished at: 2021-05-22T16:36:44+08:00[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------[WARNING] The requested profile 'nexus' could not be activated because it does not exist.
执行docker images命令，如下图，可见镜像已经生成：
查看镜像构成，可见每个layer都不大，共计七十多M：
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker history webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOTIMAGE CREATEDCREATED BY SIZE COMMENTb8ff54813ae0 41 years ago69B<missing> 41 years ago452kB<missing> 41 years ago2.51MB<missing> 41 years ago57.2MB<missing> 41 years ago1.4MB<missing> 41 years ago268B<missing> 41 years ago17.3MB
镜像构建成功，可以验证基本功能了；
验证执行以下命令，创建一个临时容器（控制台结束后容器会被清理掉）：
docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
控制台输出如下，79毫秒启动完成，真是一眨间的功夫：
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT2021-05-22 09:34:57.578 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.nativex.NativeListener : This application is bootstrapped with code generated with Spring AOT . ____ _ __ _ _ / / ___’_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ ( ( )___ | ’_ | ’_| | ’_ / _` | / ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ’ |____| .__|_| |_|_| |___, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v2.5.0-SNAPSHOT)2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Starting WebmvcApplication using Java 1.8.0_292 on 3529ec458896 with PID 1 (/workspace/com.bolingcavalry.webmvc.WebmvcApplication started by cnb in /workspace)2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default2021-05-22 09:34:57.661 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol initINFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler ['http-nio-8080']May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternalINFO: Starting service [Tomcat]May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternalINFO: Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.46]May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext logINFO: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext2021-05-22 09:34:57.669 INFO 1 --- [ main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 79 msMay 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol startINFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ['http-nio-8080']2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ’’2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Started WebmvcApplication in 0.178 seconds (JVM running for 0.19)2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state LivenessState changed to CORRECT2021-05-22 09:34:57.714 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state ReadinessState changed to ACCEPTING_TRAFFIC
浏览器访问本机8080端口，如下图，应用基本功能正常：
再看看资源使用情况，命令是docker stats，如下可见，内存仅用了30M：
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS6ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
我曾经在hub.docker.com上放了一个传统springboot应用制作的镜像bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT，现在拿来和Spring Native镜像对比一下，启动信息如下，耗时2036毫秒：
(base) zhaoqindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -P docker.io/bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT . ____ _ __ _ _ / / ___’_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ ( ( )___ | ’_ | ’_| | ’_ / _` | / ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ’ |____| .__|_| |_|_| |___, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot ::(v2.1.6.RELEASE)2021-05-22 11:13:28.121 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Starting HellojibApplication on ffb32e5b68b9 with PID 1 (/app/classes started by root in /)2021-05-22 11:13:28.128 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default2021-05-22 11:13:30.000 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat]2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.21]2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 2036 ms2021-05-22 11:13:30.715 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor : Initializing ExecutorService ’applicationTaskExecutor’2021-05-22 11:13:31.103 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ’’2021-05-22 11:13:31.110 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Started HellojibApplication in 3.618 seconds (JVM running for 4.297)2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet ’dispatcherServlet’2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet: Initializing Servlet ’dispatcherServlet’2021-05-22 11:13:48.880 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet: Completed initialization in 14 ms
再用docker stats对比内存，传统springboot应用的容器消耗了三百多兆内存：
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDSffb32e5b68b9 eager_williamson 0.64% 356.3MiB / 3.844GiB 9.05% 3.46kB / 2.29kB 0B / 0B 316ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
综上所述，Spring Native带来的优势是很明显的，不过请注意：2021年03月11日官方宣布的Spring Native只是beta版本，请不要用于生产环境！！！
下载插件失败在实际操作过程中，经常会遇到maven插件或者docker镜像下载失败的情况，除了多试几次，您还可以考虑将项目放到github上去，借助github action在云端完成镜像构建，具体操作请参考《用GitHub Actions制作Docker镜像》
不用开发，直接体验
我已将镜像上传到hub.docker.com，完整名称是bolingcavalry/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT，如果您只想体验一下native image的效果可以直接下载该镜像使用；
以上就是Spring Native实战(畅快体验79毫秒启动springboot应用)的详细内容，更多关于Spring Native实战的资料请关注好吧啦网其它相关文章！
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