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Spring Boot thymeleaf模板引擎的使用详解

浏览：26日期：2023-07-20 11:24:54

在早期开发的时候，我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面，随着时间轴的发展，慢慢的引入了jsp页面，当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面，可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互，jsp有非常强大的功能，但是，在使用springboot的时候，整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包，而且还嵌入了tomcat容器，因此，在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦，springboot推荐使用模板引擎。

模板引擎有很多种，jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf，模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板，比如有些值呢，是动态的，我们写一些表达式。而这些值，从哪来呢，我们来组装一些数据，我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎，模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置，然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去，这就是我们这个模板引擎，不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎，都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已，下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎，语法简单且功能强大

1、thymeleaf的介绍

官网地址：https://www.thymeleaf.org/

thymeleaf在github的地址：https://github.com/thymeleaf/thymeleaf

中文网站：https://raledong.gitbooks.io/using-thymeleaf/content/

导入依赖：

<dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId> <artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactId> </dependency>

在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类：ThymeleafProperties

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = 'spring.thymeleaf')public class ThymeleafProperties {private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = 'classpath:/templates/';public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = '.html';/** * Whether to check that the template exists before rendering it. */private boolean checkTemplate = true;/** * Whether to check that the templates location exists. */private boolean checkTemplateLocation = true;/** * Prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a URL. */private String prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX;/** * Suffix that gets appended to view names when building a URL. */private String suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX;/** * Template mode to be applied to templates. See also Thymeleaf’s TemplateMode enum. */private String mode = 'HTML';/** * Template files encoding. */private Charset encoding = DEFAULT_ENCODING;/** * Whether to enable template caching. */private boolean cache = true;2、thymeleaf使用模板

在java代码中写入如下代码：

@RequestMapping('/hello') public String hello(Model model){ model.addAttribute('msg','Hello'); //classpath:/templates/hello.html return 'hello'; }

html页面中写入如下代码：

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><body><h1>Hello</h1><div th:text='${msg}'></div></body></html>3、thymeleaf的表达式语法

Simple expressions:Variable Expressions: ${...}Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}Message Expressions: #{...}Link URL Expressions: @{...}Fragment Expressions: ~{...}LiteralsText literals: ’one text’, ’Another one!’,…Number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…Boolean literals: true, falseNull literal: nullLiteral tokens: one, sometext, main,…Text operations:String concatenation: +Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|Arithmetic operations:Binary operators: +, -, *, /, %Minus sign (unary operator): -Boolean operations:Binary operators: and, orBoolean negation (unary operator): !, notComparisons and equality:Comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)Equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)Conditional operators:If-then: (if) ? (then)If-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)Special tokens:No-Operation: _4、thymeleaf实例演示

1、th的常用属性值

一、th:text ：设置当前元素的文本内容，相同功能的还有th:utext，两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签，后者会。优先级不高：order=7

二、th:value：设置当前元素的value值，类似修改指定属性的还有th:src，th:href。优先级不高：order=6

三、th:each：遍历循环元素，和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置，详细往后看。优先级很高：order=2

四、th:if：条件判断，类似的还有th:unless，th:switch，th:case。优先级较高：order=3

五、th:insert：代码块引入，类似的还有th:replace，th:include，三者的区别较大，若使用不恰当会破坏html结构，常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高：order=1

六、th:fragment：定义代码块，方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低：order=8

七、th:object：声明变量，一般和*{}一起配合使用，达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般：order=4

八、th:attr：修改任意属性，实际开发中用的较少，因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙，类似的还有th:attrappend，th:attrprepend。优先级一般：order=5

thymeleaf.html

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>Title</title></head><body> <p th:text='${thText}'></p> <p th:utext='${thUText}'></p> <input type='text' th:value='${thValue}'> <div th:each='message:${thEach}'> <p th:text='${message}'></p> </div> <div> <p th:text='${message}' th:each='message:${thEach}'></p> </div> <p th:text='${thIf}' th:if='${not #strings.isEmpty(thIf)}'></p> <div th:object='${thObject}'> <p>name:<span th:text='*{name}'/></p> <p>age:<span th:text='*{age}'/></p> <p>gender:<span th:text='*{gender}'/></p> </div></body></html>

ThymeleafController.java

import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;@Controllerpublic class ThymeleafController { @RequestMapping('thymeleaf') public String thymeleaf(ModelMap map){ map.put('thText','th:text设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>'); map.put('thUText','th:utext 设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>'); map.put('thValue','thValue 设置当前元素的value值'); map.put('thEach','Arrays.asList('th:each', '遍历列表')'); map.put('thIf','msg is not null'); map.put('thObject',new Person('zhangsan',12,'男')); return 'thymeleaf'; }}

2、标准表达式语法

${...} 变量表达式，Variable Expressions

*{...} 选择变量表达式，Selection Variable Expressions

一、可以获取对象的属性和方法

二、可以使用ctx，vars，locale，request，response，session，servletContext内置对象

session.setAttribute('user','zhangsan');th:text='${session.user}'

三、可以使用dates，numbers，strings，objects，arrays，lists，sets，maps等内置方法

standardExpression.html

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>thymeleaf内置方法</title></head><body> <h3>#strings </h3> <div th:if='${not #strings.isEmpty(Str)}' > <p>Old Str : <span th:text='${Str}'/></p> <p>toUpperCase : <span th:text='${#strings.toUpperCase(Str)}'/></p> <p>toLowerCase : <span th:text='${#strings.toLowerCase(Str)}'/></p> <p>equals : <span th:text='${#strings.equals(Str, ’blog’)}'/></p> <p>equalsIgnoreCase : <span th:text='${#strings.equalsIgnoreCase(Str, ’blog’)}'/></p> <p>indexOf : <span th:text='${#strings.indexOf(Str, ’r’)}'/></p> <p>substring : <span th:text='${#strings.substring(Str, 2, 4)}'/></p> <p>replace : <span th:text='${#strings.replace(Str, ’it’, ’IT’)}'/></p> <p>startsWith : <span th:text='${#strings.startsWith(Str, ’it’)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#strings.contains(Str, ’IT’)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#numbers </h3> <div> <p>formatDecimal 整数部分随意，小数点后保留两位，四舍五入: <span th:text='${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 0, 2)}'/></p> <p>formatDecimal 整数部分保留五位数，小数点后保留两位，四舍五入: <span th:text='${#numbers.formatDecimal(Num, 5, 2)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#bools </h3> <div th:if='${#bools.isTrue(Bool)}'> <p th:text='${Bool}'></p> </div> <h3>#arrays </h3> <div th:if='${not #arrays.isEmpty(Array)}'> <p>length : <span th:text='${#arrays.length(Array)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#arrays.contains(Array,2)}'/></p> <p>containsAll : <span th:text='${#arrays.containsAll(Array, Array)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#lists </h3> <div th:if='${not #lists.isEmpty(List)}'> <p>size : <span th:text='${#lists.size(List)}'/></p> <p>contains : <span th:text='${#lists.contains(List, 0)}'/></p> <p>sort : <span th:text='${#lists.sort(List)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#maps </h3> <div th:if='${not #maps.isEmpty(hashMap)}'> <p>size : <span th:text='${#maps.size(hashMap)}'/></p> <p>containsKey : <span th:text='${#maps.containsKey(hashMap, ’thName’)}'/></p> <p>containsValue : <span th:text='${#maps.containsValue(hashMap, ’#maps’)}'/></p> </div> <h3>#dates </h3> <div> <p>format : <span th:text='${#dates.format(Date)}'/></p> <p>custom format : <span th:text='${#dates.format(Date, ’yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss’)}'/></p> <p>day : <span th:text='${#dates.day(Date)}'/></p> <p>month : <span th:text='${#dates.month(Date)}'/></p> <p>monthName : <span th:text='${#dates.monthName(Date)}'/></p> <p>year : <span th:text='${#dates.year(Date)}'/></p> <p>dayOfWeekName : <span th:text='${#dates.dayOfWeekName(Date)}'/></p> <p>hour : <span th:text='${#dates.hour(Date)}'/></p> <p>minute : <span th:text='${#dates.minute(Date)}'/></p> <p>second : <span th:text='${#dates.second(Date)}'/></p> <p>createNow : <span th:text='${#dates.createNow()}'/></p> </div></body></html>

ThymeleafController.java

@RequestMapping('standardExpression') public String standardExpression(ModelMap map){ map.put('Str', 'Blog'); map.put('Bool', true); map.put('Array', new Integer[]{1,2,3,4}); map.put('List', Arrays.asList(1,3,2,4,0)); Map hashMap = new HashMap(); hashMap.put('thName', '${#...}'); hashMap.put('desc', '变量表达式内置方法'); map.put('Map', hashMap); map.put('Date', new Date()); map.put('Num', 888.888D); return 'standardExpression'; }

@{...} 链接表达式，Link URL Expressions

<link th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}' rel='external nofollow' rel='stylesheet'><link th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/main/css/123.css}' rel='external nofollow' rel='stylesheet'><form th:action='@{/user/login}' th:method='post' ><a th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/login.html(l=’zh_CN’)}' rel='external nofollow' >中文</a><a th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/login.html(l=’en_US’)}' rel='external nofollow' >English</a>

#{...} 消息表达式，Message Expressions

~{...} 代码块表达式，Fragment Expressions

fragment.html

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'> <title>Title</title></head><body><footer th:fragment='copy'> 2019 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</footer><div th:insert='fragment::copy'></div><div th:replace='fragment::copy'></div><div th:include='fragment::copy'></div><div> <footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery </footer></div><footer> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</footer><div> © 2011 The Good Thymes Virtual Grocery</div></body></html>5、国际化的配置

在很多应用场景下，我们需要实现页面的国际化，springboot对国际化有很好的支持，下面来演示对应的效果。

1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式，file->settings->Editors->File Encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8

2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录，创建一个login.properties的文件，还有login_zh_CN.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作

3、创建三个不同的文件，名称分别是：login.properties，login_en_US.properties，login_zh_CN.properties

内容如下：

#login.propertieslogin.password=密码1login.remmber=记住我1login.sign=登录1login.username=用户名1#login_en_US.propertieslogin.password=Passwordlogin.remmber=Remember Melogin.sign=Sign Inlogin.username=Username#login_zh_CN.propertieslogin.password=密码~login.remmber=记住我~login.sign=登录~login.username=用户名~

4、配置国际化的资源路径

spring: messages: basename: i18n/login

5、编写html页面

初始html页面<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'> <head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action='' method='post'> <label >Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' > <label >Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' > <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> Remember Me </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body></html>修改后的页面<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'> <head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action='' method='post'> <label th:text='#{login.username}'>Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' th:placeholder='#{login.username}'> <label th:text='#{login.password}'>Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' th:placeholder='#{login.password}'> <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> [[#{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit' th:text='#{login.sign}'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a>中文</a> <a>English</a> </form> </body></html>

可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现，想要通过超链接实现的话，如下所示：

添加WebMVCConfig.java代码

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import java.util.Locale;@Configurationpublic class WebMVCConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer { @Override public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) { registry.addViewController('/').setViewName('login'); registry.addViewController('/login.html').setViewName('login'); } @Bean public LocaleResolver localeResolver(){ return new NativeLocaleResolver(); } protected static class NativeLocaleResolver implements LocaleResolver{ @Override public Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) { String language = request.getParameter('language'); Locale locale = Locale.getDefault(); if(!StringUtils.isEmpty(language)){ String[] split = language.split('_'); locale = new Locale(split[0],split[1]); } return locale; } @Override public void setLocale(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Locale locale) { } }}

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang='en' xmlns:th='http://www.thymeleaf.org'><head> <meta charset='UTF-8'/> <title>Title</title></head><body><form action='' method='post'> <label th:text='#{login.username}'>Username</label> <input type='text' name='username' placeholder='Username' th:placeholder='#{login.username}'> <label th:text='#{login.password}'>Password</label> <input type='password' name='password' placeholder='Password' th:placeholder='#{login.password}'> <br> <br> <div> <label> <input type='checkbox' value='remember-me'/> [[#{login.remmber}]] </label> </div> <br> <button type='submit' th:text='#{login.sign}'>Sign in</button> <br> <br> <a th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/login.html(language=’zh_CN’)}' rel='external nofollow' >中文</a> <a th:href='https://www.haobala.com/bcjs/@{/login.html(language=’en_US’)}' rel='external nofollow' >English</a></form></body></html>

国际化的源码解释：

//MessageSourceAutoConfiguration public class MessageSourceAutoConfiguration { private static final Resource[] NO_RESOURCES = new Resource[0]; public MessageSourceAutoConfiguration() { } @Bean @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = 'spring.messages') //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫： messages.properties，就可以进行国际化操作了 public MessageSourceProperties messageSourceProperties() { return new MessageSourceProperties(); } @Bean public MessageSource messageSource(MessageSourceProperties properties) { ResourceBundleMessageSource messageSource = new ResourceBundleMessageSource(); if (StringUtils.hasText(properties.getBasename())) {//设置国际化文件的基础名（去掉语言国家代码的） messageSource.setBasenames(StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(StringUtils.trimAllWhitespace(properties.getBasename()))); } if (properties.getEncoding() != null) { messageSource.setDefaultEncoding(properties.getEncoding().name()); } messageSource.setFallbackToSystemLocale(properties.isFallbackToSystemLocale()); Duration cacheDuration = properties.getCacheDuration(); if (cacheDuration != null) { messageSource.setCacheMillis(cacheDuration.toMillis()); } messageSource.setAlwaysUseMessageFormat(properties.isAlwaysUseMessageFormat()); messageSource.setUseCodeAsDefaultMessage(properties.isUseCodeAsDefaultMessage()); return messageSource; }}//WebMvcAutoConfiguration@Bean@ConditionalOnMissingBean@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = 'spring.mvc', name = 'locale')public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {if (this.mvcProperties.getLocaleResolver() == WebMvcProperties.LocaleResolver.FIXED) {return new FixedLocaleResolver(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());}AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(this.mvcProperties.getLocale());return localeResolver;}//AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver@Overridepublic Locale resolveLocale(HttpServletRequest request) {Locale defaultLocale = getDefaultLocale();if (defaultLocale != null && request.getHeader('Accept-Language') == null) {return defaultLocale;}Locale requestLocale = request.getLocale();List<Locale> supportedLocales = getSupportedLocales();if (supportedLocales.isEmpty() || supportedLocales.contains(requestLocale)) {return requestLocale;}Locale supportedLocale = findSupportedLocale(request, supportedLocales);if (supportedLocale != null) {return supportedLocale;}return (defaultLocale != null ? defaultLocale : requestLocale);}

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