MySQL 触发器的使用及需要注意的地方
现实开发中我们经常会遇到这种情况,比如添加、删除和修改信息的时候需要记录日志,我们就要在完成常规的数据库逻辑操作之后再去写入日志表,这样变成了两步操作,更复杂了。
又比如删除一个人员信息的时候,需要将他的购物记录、收货地址、收藏夹等都删了,这个连续的操作容易出错,一致性和完整性不好保证。这时候就要使用触发器,既可以免去一堆的业务逻辑代码,又能更好的保证数据完整性。
触发器(trigger)是一种与表有关的数据库对象:在满足定义条件时触发某种操作,并执行触发器中定义的语句集合。触发器的这种特性可以协助应用在数据库端保证数据的完整性。
它是一种与表事件相关的特殊的存储过程,当对一个表进行操作( insert,delete, update)时就会激活执行。
触发器的使用创建触发器创建触发器的语法如下:
CREATE TRIGGER trigger_name trigger_time trigger_event ON t_name FOR EACH ROW trigger_stmt
说明:
trigger_name:触发器名称
tirgger_time:触发执行时间点,数据操作前(BEFORE) 或者 数据操作后(AFTER)
trigger_event:触发事件,增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)
t_name:指的是在 t_name 这张表上建立触发器
trigger_stmt:触发器的程序体,可以是一条SQL语句或者是用BEGIN和END包含的多条语句
触发器只能创建在永久表(Permanent)上,不能创建在临时表(Temporary)上
FOR EACH ROW 固定表达式,表示任何一条记录上的操作满足触发事件都会触发该触发器
tirgger_time有两种类型,trigger_event有三种类型,所以他们一共有6种组合:BEFORE INSERT,BEFORE DELETE,BEFORE UPDATE,AFTER INSERT,AFTER DELETE,AFTER UPDATE
示例(先创建一个日志表,用于触发器触发时候填入值):
/*先创建一个日志表,用于触发器触发时候填入值*/mysql> DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `TriggerLog`;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql> CREATE TABLE `TriggerLog`( `id` INT auto_increment PRIMARY KEY, `trigger_time` VARCHAR(30), `trigger_event` VARCHAR(30), `memo` VARCHAR(200));Query OK, 0 rows affected
Insert类型触发器:
mysql>/*这边声明SQL脚本的结束符为// */DELIMITER //DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trig_after_insert;CREATE TRIGGER trig_after_insert AFTER INSERT ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’insert’,concat(’new student info,id:’,cast(new.studentid as char)));END //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*重置SQL脚本的结束符为; */DELIMITER ;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*插入一条数据 */insert into students(studentname,score,classid) values(’trigger1’,100,0);Query OK, 1 row affectedmysql>/*查询日志表看是否有触发写入 */select * from `TriggerLog`;+----+--------------+---------------+------------------------+| id | trigger_time | trigger_event | memo |+----+--------------+---------------+------------------------+| 1 | after | insert | new student info,id:21 |+----+--------------+---------------+------------------------+1 row in set
Update类型触发器:
mysql>/*这边声明SQL脚本的结束符为// */DELIMITER //DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trig_after_update;CREATE TRIGGER trig_after_update AFTER UPDATE ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’update’,concat(’update student info,id:’,cast(new.studentid as char)));END //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*重置SQL脚本的结束符为; */DELIMITER ;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*更新数据 */update students set score=99 where studentname=’trigger1’;Query OK, 1 row affectedRows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql>/*查询日志表看是否更新的时候有触发写入 */select * from `TriggerLog`;+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+| id | trigger_time | trigger_event | memo |+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+| 1 | after | insert | new student info,id:21 || 2 | after | update | update student info,id:21 |+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+2 rows in set
Delete类型触发器:
mysql>/*这边声明SQL脚本的结束符为// */DELIMITER //DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trig_after_delete;CREATE TRIGGER trig_after_delete AFTER DELETE ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’update’,concat(’delete student info,id:’,cast(old.studentid as char)));END //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*重置SQL脚本的结束符为; */DELIMITER ;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/* 删除数据 */delete from students where studentid=21;Query OK, 1 row affectedmysql>/*查询日志看删除是否有触发写入*/select * from `TriggerLog`;+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+| id | trigger_time | trigger_event | memo |+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+| 1 | after | insert | new student info,id:21 || 2 | after | update | update student info,id:21 || 3 | after | update | delete student info,id:21 |+----+--------------+---------------+---------------------------+3 rows in set查看触发器
查看全部触发器
show triggers; --语法
mysql> show triggers;+-------------------+--------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+| Trigger | Event | Table | Statement | Timing | Created | sql_mode | Definer | character_set_client | collation_connection | Database Collation |+-------------------+--------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+| trig_after_insert | INSERT | students | BEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’insert’,concat(’new student info,id:’,cast(new.studentid as char)));END | AFTER | NULL | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | root@localhost | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | latin1_swedish_ci || trig_after_update | UPDATE | students | BEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’update’,concat(’update student info,id:’,cast(new.studentid as char)));END | AFTER | NULL | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | root@localhost | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | latin1_swedish_ci || trig_after_delete | DELETE | students | BEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’update’,concat(’delete student info,id:’,cast(old.studentid as char)));END | AFTER | NULL | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | root@localhost | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | latin1_swedish_ci |+-------------------+--------+----------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+---------+--------------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+3 rows in set
查看触发器的创建语句
show create trigger trigger_name; --语法
mysql> show create trigger trig_after_insert;+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+| Trigger | sql_mode | SQL Original Statement | character_set_client | collation_connection | Database Collation |+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+| trig_after_insert | STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION | CREATE DEFINER=`root`@`localhost` TRIGGER trig_after_insert AFTER INSERT ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’insert’,concat(’new student info,id:’,cast(new.studentid as char)));END | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | latin1_swedish_ci |+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+--------------------+1 row in set删除触发器
drop trigger trigger_name; --语法
mysql> drop trigger trig_after_insert;Query OK, 0 rows affected mysql> show create trigger trig_after_insert;1360 - Trigger does not exist 使用时的注意点NEW / OLD的使用区别
触发器针对的是数据库中的每一行记录,每行数据在操作前后都会有一个对应的状态,触发器将没有操作之前的状态保存到 old 关键字中,将操作后的状态保存到 new 中
new.cname --新增行(或修改前的行)的某列数据 old.cname --删除行(或修改后的行)的某列数据
需要注意的是,old 和 new 不是所有触发器都有
触发器类型 new和old的使用 INSERT型触发器 没有 old,只有 new,new 表示将要(插入前)或者已经增加(插入后)的数据 UPDATE型触发器 既有 old 也有 new,old 表示更新之前的数据,new 表示更新之后的数据 DELETE型触发器 没有 new,只有 old,old 表示将要(删除前)或者已经被删除(删除后)的数据
其实我们上面已经用过 new/old 来创建触发器并获取数据,我们根据这个表格重新来修改下那个更新触发器(trig_after_update),输出修改前和修改后的内容比较:
mysql>/*这边声明SQL脚本的结束符为// */DELIMITER //DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trig_after_update;CREATE TRIGGER trig_after_update AFTER UPDATE ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN insert into `TriggerLog`(`trigger_time`,`trigger_event`,`memo`) values (’after’,’update’,concat(’from:’,old.studentname,’,’,old.score,’ ’,’to:’,new.studentname,’,’,new.score));END //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*重置SQL脚本的结束符为; */DELIMITER ;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*更新成绩和名称 */update students set score=106,studentname=’trigger2’ where studentid=17;Query OK, 1 row affectedRows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql>/*根据old和new 对比更新前后的值 */select * from `TriggerLog`;+----+--------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+| id | trigger_time | trigger_event | memo |+----+--------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+| 1 | after | insert | new student info,id:21|| 2 | after | update | update student info,id:21 || 3 | after | update | delete student info,id:21 || 4 | after | update | from:test2,101.00 to:trigger2,106.00 |+----+--------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+4 rows in set无法触发对同表的修改
MySQL 的触发器中不能对本表进行 insert、update 和 delete 操作,否则会报错
mysql>/*这边声明SQL脚本的结束符为// */DELIMITER //DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS trig_after_insert;CREATE TRIGGER trig_after_insert AFTER INSERT ON students FOR EACH ROWBEGIN update students set score = score+1 where studentid= new.studentid;END //Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*重置SQL脚本的结束符为; */DELIMITER ;Query OK, 0 rows affectedmysql>/*插入一条数据之后因为触发了对本表的修改,所以报错了 */insert into students(studentname,score,classid) values(’trigger2’,101,0);1442 - Can’t update table ’students’ in stored function/trigger because it is already used by statement which invoked this stored function/trigger.小结
1、触发器可以通过数据库中的关联表实现级联更改,即一张表数据的改变会影响其他表的数据,如数据修改,数据统计,数据复制等。2、可以保证数据安全,并进行安全校验,限制用户具有操作数据库的某种权利。3、可以对复杂逻辑的实现进行数据完整性检查和约束。4、使用触发器的要应需而用,如果过分依赖触发器,会影响数据库的结构,增加数据库的执行和维护成本。5、触发器有BEFORE触发器和AFTER触发器的却别,所以它的执行步骤是先执行 BEFORE触发器,再执行业务脚本,最后执行AFTER触发器。需要注意的是 某一个步骤错误后就不再执行了, 如果是事务表,会被回滚,如果是非事务表,那么就无法回滚了,数据可能有不一致性。
触发器的两种限制1、触发程序不能调用将数据返回客户端的存储程序,也不能使用采用CALL语句的动态SQL语句,但是允许存储程序通过参数将数据返回触发程序,也就是存储过程或者函数通过OUT或者INOUT类型的参数将数据返回触发器是可以的,但是不能调用直接返回数据的过程。2、不能再触发器中使用以显示或隐式方式开始或结束事务的语句,如START TRANS-ACTION,COMMIT或ROLLBACK。
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