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Mysql NULL导致的神坑

【字号: 日期:2023-10-11 11:13:26浏览:2作者:猪猪

比较运算符中使用NULL

mysql> select 1>NULL;+--------+| 1>NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<NULL;+--------+| 1<NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<>NULL;+---------+| 1<>NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1>NULL;+--------+| 1>NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<NULL;+--------+| 1<NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1>=NULL;+---------+| 1>=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<=NULL;+---------+| 1<=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1!=NULL;+---------+| 1!=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<>NULL;+---------+| 1<>NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL;+-----------+------------+| NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL |+-----------+------------+| NULL | NULL |+-----------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null);+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+| 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) |+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+| NULL | NULL | NULL |NULL |+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null);+--------------------+-----------------------+| 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) |+--------------------+-----------------------+|NULL | NULL |+--------------------+-----------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null);+--------------------+-----------------------+| 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) |+--------------------+-----------------------+|NULL | NULL |+--------------------+-----------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

结论:任何值和NULL使用运算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all)比较时,返回值都为NULL,NULL作为布尔值的时候,不为1也不为0。

准备数据

mysql> create table test1(a int,b int);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from test1;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上面3条数据,认真看一下,特别是注意上面NULL的记录。

IN、NOT IN和NULL比较

IN和NULL比较

mysql> select * from test1;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

结论:当IN和NULL比较时,无法查询出为NULL的记录。

NOT IN 和NULL比较

mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

结论:当NOT IN 后面有NULL值时,不论什么情况下,整个sql的查询结果都为空。

EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比较

mysql> select * from test2;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| NULL | NULL |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

上面我们复制了表test1创建了表test2。

查询语句中使用exists、not exists对比test1.a=test2.a,因为=不能比较NULL,结果和预期一致。

判断NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL

mysql> select 1 is not null;+---------------+| 1 is not null |+---------------+| 1 |+---------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1 is null;+-----------+| 1 is null |+-----------+| 0 |+-----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select null is null;+--------------+| null is null |+--------------+| 1 |+--------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select null is not null;+------------------+| null is not null |+------------------+|0 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

看上面的效果,返回的结果为1或者0。

结论:判断是否为空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL。

聚合函数中NULL的坑

示例

mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1;+----------+----------+----------+| count(a) | count(b) | count(*) |+----------+----------+----------+| 2 | 1 | 3 |+----------+----------+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) count(a)返回了2行记录,a字段为NULL的没有统计出来。 count(b)返回了1行记录,为NULL的2行记录没有统计出来。 count(*)可以统计所有数据,不论字段的数据是否为NULL。

再继续看

mysql> select * from test1 where a is null;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| NULL | NULL |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null;+----------+| count(a) |+----------+| 0 |+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

上面第1个sql使用is null查询出了结果,第2个sql中count(a)返回的是0行。

结论:count(字段)无法统计字段为NULL的值,count(*)可以统计值为null的行。

NULL不能作为主键的值

mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1);ERROR 1048 (23000): Column ’a’ cannot be null

上面我们创建了一个表test3,字段a未指定不能为空,插入了一条NULL的数据,报错原因:a 字段的值不能为NULL,我们看一下表的创建语句:

mysql> show create table test3;+-------+------------+| Table | Create Table |+-------+------------+| test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL, `b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8+-------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

从上面的脚本可以看出,当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null。

结论:当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null。

看了上面这些还是比较晕,NULL的情况确实比较难以处理,容易出错,最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL。所以,强烈建议创建字段的时候字段不允许为NULL,设置一个默认值。

总结

NULL作为布尔值的时候,不为1也不为0 任何值和NULL使用运算符(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all),返回值都为NULL 当IN和NULL比较时,无法查询出为NULL的记录 当NOT IN 后面有NULL值时,不论什么情况下,整个sql的查询结果都为空 判断是否为空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL count(字段)无法统计字段为NULL的值,count(*)可以统计值为null的行 当字段为主键的时候,字段会自动设置为not null NULL导致的坑让人防不胜防,强烈建议创建字段的时候字段不允许为NULL,给个默认值

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